WOMEN IN AVIATION

By Kelli Gant

Today, women pilots fly for the airlines, fly in the military and in space, fly
air races, command helicopter mercy flights, haul freight, stock high mountain
lakes with fish, seed clouds, patrol pipelines, teach students to fly, maintain
jet engines, and transport corporate officers.



Women have made a significant contribution to aviation since the Wright
Brothers’ first 12-second flight in 1903. Blanche Scott was the first women
pilot, in 1910, when the plane that she was allowed to taxi mysteriously became
airborne. In 1911, Harriet Quimby became the first licensed woman pilot. And
later in 1912, Harriet became the first women to fly across the English Channel.



In 1921, Bessie Coleman became the first African-American woman pilot. Because
of the discrimination in the United States towards women as pilots and Bessie’s
race, Bessie moved to France and learned to fly at the most famous flight school
in France--the Ecole d’Aviation de Freres Caudron. Bessie returned to the United
States and pursed a barnstorming career until 1926.



On March 16, 1929, Louise Thaden made her bid for the women’s endurance record
from Oakland Municipal Airport, CA, in a Travel Air, and succeeded with a flight
of 22 hours, 3 minutes. The record was broken a month later by Elinor Smith with
26 hours, 21 minutes over Roosevelt Field, New York.



Other firsts followed, Katherine Cheung, in 1931 in Los Angeles, CA was the
first woman of Chinese ancestry to earn a license. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, wife
of Charles Lindbergh, was the first U.S. woman glider pilot and first woman
recipient of the National Geographic Society’s Hubbad Award. And, Phoebe
Fairgrave Omelie was the first woman transport pilot. Phoebe, considered to be
one of America’s top women pilots in the 1920s and 1930s, developed a program
for training women flight instructors and was appointed as Special Assistant for
Air Intelligence of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (the
forerunner of the NASA), and was active in the National Air Marking and Mapping
program to paint airport identification symbols on airports or nearby buildings.



Air racing was a way for women to demonstrate their abilities, and of course,
the prize money was an incentive. All-women’s air races were soon organized, the
biggest being the National Women’s Air Derby in 1929. The race was from Santa
Monica, CA to Cleveland, OH and flown in eight days. The idea of letting women
race airplanes was not accepted by many people. During the air race there were
threats of sabotage and headlines that read “Race Should Be Stopped.” However,
the Derby drew twenty women from across the country and gave them the chance to
meet face-to-face for the first time.



After the race, these women kept in contact with each other and talked about
forming a women pilots organization. Clara Trenckman, who worked in the Women’s
Department of the Curtiss Flying Service at Valley Stream, Long Island,
convinced two Curtiss executives to invite licensed women to meet in Valley
Stream to form such an organization. Responding to the invitation, 26 licensed
women pilots met in a hanger at Curtiss Field on November 2, 1929 to formally
create the 99s Club. Later, after many rejected names, the organization chose
its name “The Ninety-Nines” because 99 of the 117 licensed American women pilots
in the United States at that time signed up as charter members.



Willa Brown was the first African-American commercial pilot and first
African-American woman officer in the Civil Air Patrol. In her hometown of
Chicago, IL, she taught aviation courses in high schools and founded a flight
school at Harlem Airport. In 1939, Willa helped form the National Airmen’s
Association of America whose purpose was to get African-Americans into the U.S.
Armed Forces as aviation cadets. Willa also was the coordinator of war-training
service for the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA), and more importantly, was the
director of the Coffey School of Aeronautics. The school was selected by the
Army and CAA to “conduct the experiments” that resulted in the admission of
African-Americans into the Army Air Forces. Later, Coffey became a feeder school
for the Army Air Forces’ program for African-American aviators at Tuskegee
Institute.



By 1930 there were 200 women pilots, by 1935, there were between 700 and 800
licensed women pilots. A major breakthrough in aviation was allowing women to
air race against men. In 1936, Louise Thaden and Blanche Noyes won the
prestigious Bendix Trophy Race. Women have competed against men ever since.



Most women who learned to fly during World War II, got instruction through the
CAA’s Civil Pilot Training Program. More than 935 women gained their licenses by
in 1941 with 43 serving as CAA-qualified instructors. Mills College in Oakland,
CA was one of the participating training colleges for women.



As World War II progressed, women were able to break into many aspects of the
aviation world. They served as ferry and test pilots, mechanics, flight
controllers, instructors, and aircraft production line workers. At the beginning
of 1943, 31.3 percent of the aviation work force were women. World War II was
very beneficial to the movement of women into aviation fields. The history of
aviation during these years is immense.



The Women’s Auxiliary Ferry Squadron (WAFS), founded by Nancy Harkness Love, and
the Women’s Flying Training Detachment (WFTD), founded by Jacqueline Cochran,
were fused together by President Roosevelt to become the Women’s Airforce
Service Pilots (WASP). The new organization was a vital part of the history of
women in military aviation. Although these women were civilians and outnumbered
by women in the regular military service of World War II, their experiences
present a paradigm for the service of WWII military women. Unfortunately, the
WASPs were not recognized as military personnel until the Senate passed a
resolution in November 1977 and it was signed into law by President Carter.



The years since World War II have brought down many more barriers for women
pilots and records continue to be broken. Jackie Cochran went on to be the first
woman pilot to break the sound barrier, with Chuck Yeager acting as her chase
pilot, on May 20, 1953. And, Marion Hart flew the Atlantic in 1954 at the age of
62.



Women got their first step closer to space in 1959, when Geraldine Cobb, a
talented young pilot, became the first woman to undergo the Mercury astronaut
physiological tests. “Jerrie” was 28 years old, had 7,000 hours of flight time,
and held three world records. She was a pilot and manager for Aero Design and
Engineering Company, which made the Aero Commander aircraft, and was one of the
few women executives in aviation. Cobb successfully completed all three stages
of the physical and psychological tests that were used to select the original
seven Mercury astronauts. Although thirteen women finished this first round of
testing, NASA refused to authorize the completion of the tests for fear that
such action might be taken as approval of female astronauts.



Not even the Soviet Union’s launch of Valentina Tereshkova into space in 1963,
nor the 1964 Civil Rights Act broke ground for women in space. It was not until
June 17, 1983, that Dr. Sally Kristen Ride, NASA astronaut and a South Central
Section 99, made history as the first U.S. woman in space, serving as a
specialist for STS-7 on the six-day flight of the orbiter Challenger.



By the 1960s there were 12,400 licensed women pilots in the United States (3.6
percent of all pilots.) This number doubled by the end of the decade to nearly
30,000 women, but still only 4.3 percent of the total pilots. Today, women
comprise about 6 percent of pilots in the United States.



Geraldine Mock became the first women to fly around the world in 1964 in a
single-engine Cessna 180 called the Spirit of Columbus. That flight stirred up
more interest in air races. The new All Women’s International Air Race soon
became known as the “Angel Derby” and the All-Woman Transcontinental Air Race
was popularly called the "Powder Puff Derby.” Other races that The Ninety-Nines
have originated, developed and flown in are Formula 1, the Kachina Doll Air Race
in Arizona, the Indiana Fairladies Air Races, the ever-popular Palms to Pines
Air Race, and likely the largest and oldest proficiency race, the Michigan Small
Race. Dozens of others, like the New England Air Race, have drawn competitors
from many states and from Canada.



And the firsts continued… In 1974 Mary Barr became the first woman pilot with
the Forest Service; Ensign Mary Crawford became the U.S. Navy’s first woman
naval Flight Officer in June 1981; Charlotte Larson became the first woman smoke
jumper aircraft captain in 1983 and Deanne Schulman was the first qualified
woman smoke jumper; in 1984, Captain Beverly Burns was the first woman to
captain a 747 cross-country and Captain Lynn Rippelmeyer was the first woman to
captain a 747 on a transatlantic flight. In 1995, the first woman pilot in the
U.S. Space Shuttle program was Lt. Col. Eileen Marie Collins.



People become pilots for the same reasons. First, they love flying, and they
love using their talents and being respected for them. And mostly, they love the
feeling of belonging to this strong family called aviation.